Bengalis - Wikipedia. This article is about ethnic Bengalis from various countries. For the people of Bangladesh, see Bangladeshis. Schmutzig und voller Eindringlinge. Brittiska och europeiska civilvolont. Ajaigarh; Alwar; Bharathpur; Bhopal; Bijawar; Bikaner; Bundi; Hyderabad; Jaipur; Jaora. Bengali. They are native to the region of Bengal in South Asia, which is presently- divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. They speak the Bengali language, the most easterly branch of the Indo- European language family. Bengalis are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the Han Chinese and the Arabs. The global Bengali diaspora has well- established communities in Pakistan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Middle East, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Italy. They have four major religious subgroups, including Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus, Bengali Christians and Bengali Buddhists. History. Ancient history. ![]() Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,0. From the 6th century BCE, Magadha expanded to include most of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha and was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Under the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya, Magadha extended over nearly all of South Asia, including parts of Balochistan and Afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the Buddhist emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal. He founded the Bengali Buddhist Pala Empire which ruled the region for four hundred years, and expanded across much of Southern Asia, from Assam in the northeast, to Kabul in the west, to Andhra Pradesh in the south. Atisha was a renowned Bengali Buddhist teacher who was instrumental in revival of Buddhism in Tibet and also held the position of Abbot at the Vikramshila university. Tilopa was also from Bengal region. The Pala dynasty was later followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu. Sena Empire. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufi missionaries. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of sultans and feudal lords under the Bengal Sultanate for the next few hundred years. Islam was introduced to the Sylhet region by the Muslim saint Shah Jalal in the early 1. Mughal general Man Singh conquered parts of Bengal including Dhaka during the time of Emperor Akbar.
Few Rajput tribes from his army permanently settled around Dhaka and surrounding lands. Later on, in the early 1. Islam Khan conquered all of Bengal. However, administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi- independence of the area under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi. After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1. Bengal was ruled independently by the Nawabs until 1. East India Company after the Battle of Plassey. The Caste System in Bengal. When they tried to revolt against him. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 refers to a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to June 1858. Orissa starts off in a difficult position. While they are Muslim, all their lands are Hindu and unlikely to revolt if taken before they convert. Bengal Renaissance. Bengal Renaissance refers to a socio- religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the city of Kolkata by caste Hindus under the patronage of the British Raj and it created a reformed religion, which is called, Brahmo dharma. The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with reformer and humanitarian Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1. Swami Vivekananda is considered a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America. Satyendra Nath Bose was a Bengali physicist, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1. Bose. He is honoured as the namesake of the boson. Independence movement. Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Bengalis also played a notable role in the Indian independence movement. Many of the early proponents of the independence struggle, and subsequent leaders in movement were Bengalis such as Chittaranjan Das, Khwaja Salimullah, Surendranath Banerjea, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Titumir (Sayyid Mir Nisar Ali), Prafulla Chaki, A. Fazlul Huq, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Surya Sen, Binoy- Badal- Dinesh, Sarojini Naidu, Aurobindo Ghosh, Rashbehari Bose, Sachindranath Sanyal. Some of these leaders, such as Netaji, who was born, brought up and educated at Cuttack in Odisha did not subscribe to the view that non- violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve Indian Independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British force. Netaji was the co- founder and leader of the Indian National Army (distinct from the army of British India) that challenged British forces in several parts of India. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the Arzi Hukumat- e- Azad Hind. Bengal was also the fostering ground for several prominent revolutionary organisations, the most notable of which was Anushilan Samiti. A number of Bengalis died during the independence movement and many were imprisoned in Cellular Jail, the much notorious prison in Andaman. Partitions of Bengal. The first partition in 1. Bengal region in British India into two provinces for administrative and development purposes. However, the partition stoked Hindu nationalism. This in turn led to the formation of the All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1. Muslim population. The partition was annulled in 1. Indian National Congress and Hindu Mahasabha. The breakdown of Hindu- Muslim unity in India drove the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution in 1. The resolution paved the way for the Partition of British India based on the Radcliffe Line in 1. United Bengal state that was opposed by many people. The legacy of partition has left lasting differences between the two sides of Bengal, most notably in linguistic accent and cuisine. Bangladesh Liberation War. The rise of self- determination and Bengali nationalism movements in East Bengal which was then the East Pakistan led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, culminated in the 1. Bangladesh Liberation War against the Pakistani military junta. An estimated 3 million (3,0. Bangladesh genocide. The war caused millions of East Pakistani refugees to take shelter in India's Bengali state West Bengal, with Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal province becoming the capital- in- exile of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. The Mukti Bahini guerrilla forces waged a nine- month war against the Pakistani military. The conflict ended after the Indian Armed Forces intervened on the side of Bangladeshi forces in the final two weeks of the war, which ended with the Surrender of Pakistan and the liberation of Dhaka on 1. December 1. 97. 1. Religion. Main articles: Demographics of Bangladesh, Demographics of West Bengal, Demographics of Tripura, and Demographics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The largest religions practiced in Bengal are Islam and Hinduism. In Bangladesh 8. 9. Islam (US State Department est. Hinduism. In West Bengal, Hindus are the majority with 7. Muslims comprise 2. Other religious groups include Buddhists (compromising around 1% of the population in Bangladesh) and Christians. Some Indian regions, such as West Bengal, Tripura, and the Barak Valley region of Assam (in India) also have large native Bengali populations and share this cuisine. With an emphasis on fish, vegetables and milk served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and desserts. It also has the only traditionally developed multi- course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern service . In Bengal throughout the year many festivals are celebrated. Durga Puja is solemnized as perhaps the most significant of all celebrations in Bengal. Some major festivals celebrated are Durga Puja,Eid ul Fitr,Eid ul Azha, 2. February - Bengali language Day, Bengali New Year,Independence Day Of Bangladesh, Birthday of Kazi Nazrul Islam, Pohela Falgun, Birthday of Rabindranath Tagore, Death Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore. Bengali language. Bengali or Bangla is the language native to the region of Bengal, which comprises present- day Bangladesh and the Indian states West Bengal, Tripura and southern Assam. It is written using the Bengali script. With about 2. 50 million native and about 3. Bengali is one of the most spoken languages, ranked seventh in the world. Thereafter, the timeline of Bengali literature is divided into two periods . Bengali literature is one of the most enriched bodies of literature in Modern India and Bangladesh. Old Bengali literature. The first works in Bengali, written in new Bengali, appeared between 1. C. E. It is generally known as the Charyapada. These are mystic songs composed by various Buddhist seer- poets: Luipada, Kanhapada, Kukkuripada, Chatilpada, Bhusukupada, Kamlipada, Dhendhanpada, Shantipada, Shabarapada etc. The famous Bengali linguist Haraprasad Shastri discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1. Middle Bengali literature. The Middle Bengali Literature is a period in the history of Bengali literature dated from 1. Following Mughal invasion of Bengal in the 1. Bengali began to take shape. The oldest example of Middle Bengali Literature is believed to be Shreekrishna Kirtana by Boru Chandidas. Modern Bengali literature. In the middle of the 1. Bengali literature gained momentum. During this period, the Bengali Pandits of Fort William College did the tedious work of translating the text books in Bengali to help teach the British some Indian languages including Bengali. This work played a role in the background in the evolution of Bengali prose. See also. Notes^. Retrieved 2. 1 May 2. Retrieved 2. 1 May 2. Archived from the original on 1. May 2. 01. 0. Retrieved 2 March 2. Archived from the original on 9 October 2. Retrieved 2. 5 April 2. The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia.
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